See bugan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ābūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bebūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bīeġan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "frambūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ġebogen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ġebūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "oferbūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "onbūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "underbūgan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bowen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bouwe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bouwen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bowe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buȝen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buȝhenn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buhen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"word": "buwen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Kent"
],
"word": "bouȝe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boughe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "bowghe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Southern"
],
"word": "bouwien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beugan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beugan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuganą",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon būgan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "biogan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German biogan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *beugan, with the diphthong analogically replaced by ū in the present stem, from Proto-Germanic *beuganą. Cognate with Old Saxon būgan, Old High German biogan, Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "būgan",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "II",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "būgan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "būgenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "būge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bēag",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bēah",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȳġst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "buge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȳġþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bēag",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bēah",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "būgaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bugon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "buge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būgen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bugen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būg",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būgaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "būgende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bogen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġebogen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "būgan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "būgan<s2>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bēag"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bōg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "boga"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "byġe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "byht"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Someone stronger is coming after me, who I'm unfit to bend down and untie the straps of his sandals.",
"roman": "Strengra cymþ æfter mē, þæs ne eom iċ wierðe þæt iċ his sċōna þwanga būgende oncnytte.",
"text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 1:7",
"translation": "Someone stronger is coming after me, who I'm unfit to bend down and untie the straps of his sandals.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bend"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-ZsIWzAtu",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He was born in the days of the emperor Octavian, who expanded the Roman Empire so much that the whole world bowed to him.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"Sermon on the Nativity of Our Lord\"\nHē wæs ācenned on þæs cāseres dagum þe wæs Octaviānus ġehāten, sē ġerȳmde Rōmāna rīċe tō þon swīðe þæt him eall middanġeard tō bēag.",
"translation": "He was born in the days of the emperor Octavian, who expanded the Roman Empire so much that the whole world bowed to him.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bow"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb--Jd-uXNP",
"links": [
[
"bow",
"bow"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 17 18 14 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...'Turn from evil, and do good.'",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"Ash-Wednesday\"\n...þæt is būh fram yfele and dō gōd.",
"translation": "...'Turn from evil, and do good.'",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Isn't it better for us to turn back to Egypt?",
"roman": "Nis ūs lā betere þæt wē būgen onġēan tō Ēgypta lande?",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Numbers 14:3",
"translation": "Isn't it better for us to turn back to Egypt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "People who turn from God to the Devil, they lose God's grace.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The Epiphany of the Lord\"\nSē þe fram Gode bȳġþ tō Dēofle, hē forlīest Godes ġiefe.",
"translation": "People who turn from God to the Devil, they lose God's grace.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to turn (toward or away from something)"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-l10BlXxp",
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 17 18 14 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 23 11 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 23 11 16 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to yield, give way"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-qCXWPB0F",
"links": [
[
"yield",
"yield"
],
[
"give",
"give"
],
[
"way",
"way"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 17 18 14 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Then King Edward traveled with some of his forces to Maldon in Essex, and encamped there while the fortifications were being built in Witham, and a good portion of the people submitted to him who had been living under Danish rule.",
"roman": "Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid sumum his fultume on Ēastseaxan tō Mǣldūne and wīcode þǣr þā hwīle þe man þā burg worhte and ġetimbrede æt Withām, and him bēag gōd dǣl þæs folces tō þe ǣr under Denisċra manna anwealde wǣron.",
"text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 912",
"translation": "Then King Edward traveled with some of his forces to Maldon in Essex, and encamped there while the fortifications were being built in Witham, and a good portion of the people submitted to him who had been living under Danish rule.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Then with these words there fell as it were films from his eyes, and he straightways received sight, and submitted to baptism.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle\"\nÞa, mid ðisum wordum, feollon swylce fylmena of his eagum, and he ðærrihte gesihðe underfeng, and to fulluhte bēah.",
"translation": "Then with these words there fell as it were films from his eyes, and he straightways received sight, and submitted to baptism.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to submit"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-e3DhC1wg",
"links": [
[
"submit",
"submit"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 17 18 14 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The person who was healed didn't know who it was: Jesus had withdrawn from the crowd.",
"roman": "Sē þe þǣr ġehǣled wæs nysse hwā hit wæs: sē Hǣlend sōðlīċe bēag fram þǣre ġaderunge.",
"text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 5:13",
"translation": "The person who was healed didn't know who it was: Jesus had withdrawn from the crowd.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Morgoth at the coming of the light withdrew into his deepest dungeons, but there he smithied many things in secret, and sent forth black smoke.",
"text": "c. 1932, J. R. R. Tolkien, Old English version of the \"Annals of Beleriand\"\nMorgoþ mid þȳ þe lēoht ætīewde bēag on his dēopostan ġedelf, ac siþþan smiðode þǣr fela þinga dearnunga and sende forþ sweartne smīeċ.",
"translation": "Morgoth at the coming of the light withdrew into his deepest dungeons, but there he smithied many things in secret, and sent forth black smoke.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to withdraw, retire"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-7p0Z6xwb",
"links": [
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"retire",
"retire"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 17 18 14 22 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"Saint George, Martyr\"\nNāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.",
"translation": "Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to incline"
],
"id": "en-bugan-ang-verb-s6W~Jwx7",
"links": [
[
"incline",
"incline"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuː.ɡɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbuː.ɣɑn]"
}
],
"word": "bugan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English class 2 strong verbs",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English intransitive verbs",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewgʰ-",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ābūgan"
},
{
"word": "bebūgan"
},
{
"word": "bīeġan"
},
{
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"word": "frambūgan"
},
{
"word": "ġebogen"
},
{
"word": "ġebūgan"
},
{
"word": "oferbūgan"
},
{
"word": "onbūgan"
},
{
"word": "underbūgan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bowen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bouwe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bouwen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bowe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buȝen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buȝhenn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buhen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"word": "buwen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Kent"
],
"word": "bouȝe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boughe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "bowghe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"tags": [
"Southern"
],
"word": "bouwien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beugan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beugan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuganą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuganą",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon būgan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "biogan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German biogan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *beugan, with the diphthong analogically replaced by ū in the present stem, from Proto-Germanic *beuganą. Cognate with Old Saxon būgan, Old High German biogan, Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "būgan",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "II",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "būgan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "būgenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "būge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bēag",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bēah",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȳġst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "buge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȳġþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bēag",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bēah",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "būgaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bugon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "buge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būgen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bugen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būg",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "būgaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "būgende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bogen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġebogen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "būgan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "būgan<s2>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "bēag"
},
{
"word": "bōg"
},
{
"word": "boga"
},
{
"word": "byġe"
},
{
"word": "byht"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Someone stronger is coming after me, who I'm unfit to bend down and untie the straps of his sandals.",
"roman": "Strengra cymþ æfter mē, þæs ne eom iċ wierðe þæt iċ his sċōna þwanga būgende oncnytte.",
"text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 1:7",
"translation": "Someone stronger is coming after me, who I'm unfit to bend down and untie the straps of his sandals.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bend"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He was born in the days of the emperor Octavian, who expanded the Roman Empire so much that the whole world bowed to him.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"Sermon on the Nativity of Our Lord\"\nHē wæs ācenned on þæs cāseres dagum þe wæs Octaviānus ġehāten, sē ġerȳmde Rōmāna rīċe tō þon swīðe þæt him eall middanġeard tō bēag.",
"translation": "He was born in the days of the emperor Octavian, who expanded the Roman Empire so much that the whole world bowed to him.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bow"
],
"links": [
[
"bow",
"bow"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "...'Turn from evil, and do good.'",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"Ash-Wednesday\"\n...þæt is būh fram yfele and dō gōd.",
"translation": "...'Turn from evil, and do good.'",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Isn't it better for us to turn back to Egypt?",
"roman": "Nis ūs lā betere þæt wē būgen onġēan tō Ēgypta lande?",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Numbers 14:3",
"translation": "Isn't it better for us to turn back to Egypt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "People who turn from God to the Devil, they lose God's grace.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The Epiphany of the Lord\"\nSē þe fram Gode bȳġþ tō Dēofle, hē forlīest Godes ġiefe.",
"translation": "People who turn from God to the Devil, they lose God's grace.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to turn (toward or away from something)"
],
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to yield, give way"
],
"links": [
[
"yield",
"yield"
],
[
"give",
"give"
],
[
"way",
"way"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Then King Edward traveled with some of his forces to Maldon in Essex, and encamped there while the fortifications were being built in Witham, and a good portion of the people submitted to him who had been living under Danish rule.",
"roman": "Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid sumum his fultume on Ēastseaxan tō Mǣldūne and wīcode þǣr þā hwīle þe man þā burg worhte and ġetimbrede æt Withām, and him bēag gōd dǣl þæs folces tō þe ǣr under Denisċra manna anwealde wǣron.",
"text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 912",
"translation": "Then King Edward traveled with some of his forces to Maldon in Essex, and encamped there while the fortifications were being built in Witham, and a good portion of the people submitted to him who had been living under Danish rule.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Then with these words there fell as it were films from his eyes, and he straightways received sight, and submitted to baptism.",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, \"The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle\"\nÞa, mid ðisum wordum, feollon swylce fylmena of his eagum, and he ðærrihte gesihðe underfeng, and to fulluhte bēah.",
"translation": "Then with these words there fell as it were films from his eyes, and he straightways received sight, and submitted to baptism.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to submit"
],
"links": [
[
"submit",
"submit"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The person who was healed didn't know who it was: Jesus had withdrawn from the crowd.",
"roman": "Sē þe þǣr ġehǣled wæs nysse hwā hit wæs: sē Hǣlend sōðlīċe bēag fram þǣre ġaderunge.",
"text": "c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 5:13",
"translation": "The person who was healed didn't know who it was: Jesus had withdrawn from the crowd.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Morgoth at the coming of the light withdrew into his deepest dungeons, but there he smithied many things in secret, and sent forth black smoke.",
"text": "c. 1932, J. R. R. Tolkien, Old English version of the \"Annals of Beleriand\"\nMorgoþ mid þȳ þe lēoht ætīewde bēag on his dēopostan ġedelf, ac siþþan smiðode þǣr fela þinga dearnunga and sende forþ sweartne smīeċ.",
"translation": "Morgoth at the coming of the light withdrew into his deepest dungeons, but there he smithied many things in secret, and sent forth black smoke.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to withdraw, retire"
],
"links": [
[
"withdraw",
"withdraw"
],
[
"retire",
"retire"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"Saint George, Martyr\"\nNāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.",
"translation": "Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to incline"
],
"links": [
[
"incline",
"incline"
]
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuː.ɡɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbuː.ɣɑn]"
}
],
"word": "bugan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bugan meaning in Old English (15.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.